antarcticocean.ai

#Antarctic Ocean AI Meta

#Antarctic Ocean | Encircles Antarctica | Waters south of 60° S latitude | Covers ca. 21.96 million square kilometers | The fourth largest ocean basin | Antarctic Circumpolar Current (AAC) flows through it | ACC significantly influences global ocean circulation by connecting Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans | Average depth of approximately 3,270 meters (10,728 feet) | Maximum depth of 7,434 meters (24,390 feet) at Factorian Deep

#Oceans are facing record-breaking extreme events

#Deep and intense marine heatwaves

#Glacier Monitoring

#unexpected phytoplankton blooms

#Ocean Monitoring Indicators | Monitoring trends and variations in changing ocean | Providing overview of current state of global ocean

#Accelerating ice loss

#Ice-shelf thinning

#West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) melting

#Relative sea-level reconstruction

#Ocean currents

#Climate-modeling

#Simulating solar radiation at surface

#Organics Analytical Chemistry

#Organic polar compounds analyses

#Solar irradiance

#Blue Economy

#Sustainable ocean management

#Aquatic biodiversity

#Marine monitoring

#Drilling ice cores

#Tracing chemicals and particles trapped in ice layers

#Ice age cycles

#Geophysical surveys

#Ice Core Sciences (IPICS)

#Ice forecasting

#Ice dynamics

#Polar operations

#Benthic biology on seafloor

#Optimising data collection processes

#Autonomous marine vehicles

#Digital Twin of Antarctic Ocean

#Humpback whale

#Prompt adherence

#Cryosphere

#Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem (VME) | One nautical mile in radius | Hub of biodiversity | Made up of organisms especially vulnerable to bottom-fishing gear | Refuge for life forms stressed by rapidly warming ocean

#Trawler

#Antarctic blue whale

#Industrial fishing

#Antarctic krill

#Warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) flow

#Undercurrents

#Ice shelves

#Antarctic Ice Sheet

#Under-ice shelf cavities

#Volcanism of Antarctica

#Strombolian erupts

#Persistent lava lake

#Mount Erebus

#Fast ice | Stationary sea ice remaining attached to coastline or among grounded icebergs | Covering extensive areas of Southern Ocean

#Algae growing in fast ice

#Algae inside ice | Invisible to satellite or airborne instruments

#Numerical sea-ice model | Simulating growth of algae in Antarctic fast ice | Representing ice columns as layers | Snow layer

#Diatom | Microscopic algae

#Coastal Antarctic ecosystems

#Sea ice biogeochemistry

#Sea levels rise | As water absorbs heat, its molecules move faster and spread apart, causing water to expand and occupy more volume | Phenomenon accounts for a significant portion of global sea level rise, alongside contributions from melting glaciers and ice sheets

#Georegistration

#Citizen science

#Photos helping researchers better understand the health of Antarctica penguin colonies

#Agentic AI | Artificial intelligence systems with a degree of autonomy, enabling them to make decisions, take actions, and learn from experiences to achieve specific goals, often with minimal human intervention | Agentic AI systems are designed to operate independently, unlike traditional AI models that rely on predefined instructions or prompts | Reinforcement learning (RL) | Deep neural network (DNN) | Multi-agent system (MAS) | Goal-setting algorithm | Adaptive learning algorithm | Agentic agents focus on autonomy and real-time decision-making in complex scenarios | Ability to determine intent and outcome of processes | Planning and adapting to changes | Ability to self-refine and update instructions without outside intervention | Full autonomy requires creativity and ability to anticipate changing needs before they occur proactively | Agentic AI benefits Industry 4.0 facilities monitoring machinery in real time, predicting failures, scheduling maintenance, reducing downtime, and optimizing asset availability, enabling continuous process optimization, minimizing waste, and enhancing operational efficiency

#Ocean processes

#Melting sea ice

#Sea ice levels reached lows not seen since Copernicus satellite records began | Losses corresponding to an area three times the size of France

#Rising ocean heat content | Profound impacts on almost every aspect of the ocean, from physical processes, to biogeochemical balances, to marine biodiversity and ecosystems

#Earth energy imbalance | Grew by 0.29 watts per square metre per decade between 1993-2022 | Earth is out of energy balance | Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are trapping excess heat and preventing it from being released into space | Heat building-up of heat in the Earth climate system | Most of building-up is absorbed by ocean

#Ocean surface heat | Satellite measurements of gravity and surface height | Space geodesy | Accurate, long term and broad estimates of changes in amount of heat stored in ocean

#Critical minerals in Artificial Intelligence | At the core of AI transformation lies a complex ecosystem of critical minerals, each playing a distinct role | Boron: used to alter electrical properties of silicon | Silicon: fundamental material used in most semiconductors and integrated circuits | Phosphorus: helps establish the alternating p-n junctions necessary for creating transistors and integrated circuits | Cobalt: used in metallisation processes of semiconductor manufacturing | Copper: primary conductor in integrated circuits | Gallium: used in compound semiconductors such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium nitride (GaN) | Germanium: used in high-speed integrated circuits and fibre-optic technologies | Arsenic: employed as a dopant in silicon-based semiconductors | Indium phosphide: widely used in optical communications | Palladium: used in production of multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) | Silver: the most conductive metal used in specialised integrated circuits and circuit boards | Tungsten: serves as a key material in transistors and as a contact metal in chip interconnects | Gold: used in bonding wires, connectors, and contact pads in chip packaging | Europium: enables improved performance in lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency electronics essential to AI systems and optical networks | Yttrium: improves the efficiency and stability of materials like GaN and InP, supporting advanced applications in photonics, high-speed computing, and communications technologies

#Southern Ocean Heat Burp in a Cooling World | Simulating several hundred years of net-negative emissions and gradual global cooling | Abrupt discharge of heat from Southern Ocean modeled | Global mean surface temperature increase of several tenths of degrees lasting for more than a century modeled | Ocean heat burp reasoned to originate from heat previously accumulated under global warming in deep Southern Ocean | Multi-centennial scale climate simulations | Question of the durability of oceanic storage of heat and carbon more urgent as ocean warming is accelerating | As atmospheric CO2 strongly decreases and atmospheric temperature declines, carbon and heat stored in the ocean start to return to the ocean surface | The majority of interior ocean waters ultimately returns to Southern Ocean surface and is reexposed to atmosphere in Southern Ocean | In Southern Ocean density layers outcrop at ocean surface, directly connecting surface to interior ocean thereby regulating oceanic exchange with atmosphere | Combined with persistent large-scale upwelling, Southern Ocean is prominent candidate for release of heat and carbon from ocean interior under reversal of atmospheric CO2 and global cooling | 40% of oceanic uptake of carbon | 80% of oceanic uptake of heat | Earth system model | Mass and energy conserving University of Victoria model UVic | Simulations of long time scales and carbon cycle feedbacks | UVic features atmospheric energy-balance model, ocean circulation and sea-ice model, land biosphere and ocean biogeochemistry with two plankton groups | Horizontal resolution: 3.6 × 1.8 | Ocean model; 19 vertical z-layers with increasing thicknesses over depths from 50m to 500m | Ocean Heat Release Causes Warm Period | Accumulated Heat Pushing up in Southern Ocean | Large-scale upwelling of deep waters in Southern Ocean keep surface temperatures comparatively cool | Southern Ocean serves as window to atmosphere, abruptly releasing heat during event and driving global surface warming and top of atmosphere energy loss, causing heat burp | Climate and Earth system models do not simulate changes in ice sheets and consequently miss the effect of freshwater input to ocean associated with ice sheet mass loss under global warming | Melt water discharge from Antarctic ice sheet triggered by global warming will have an additional, long-lasting freshening effect | Model used lacks a full response of the wind | Model also misses cloud feedbacks | Research underlines both importance of Southern Ocean in climate system and its response to changes in climate system beyond heat and carbon uptake under contemporary rising global temperatures | It is important to continue to improve process understanding of how waters return from interior Southern Ocean and what determines their properties | Interactive ice sheets needed | Observational data collection needed | Deep Argo observing waters below 2,000 m depths needed | Ack: research-unit Biogeochemical Modeling and funding by European Research Council (ERC)